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  	    <title>Biomedical and Environmental Sciences</title>
    <link>/</link>
    <description><![CDATA[《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》2019年第4期]]></description>
    <year><![CDATA[2019]]></year>
    <volume><![CDATA[32]]></volume>
    <issue><![CDATA[4]]></issue>
    	    <item>
	       	<title>Activities of Biapenem against &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; in Macrophages and Mice</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/ff74bd2e-14f7-4f3c-8faf-c1159279f422</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; To assess the activities of biapenem against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis.&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Biapenem/clavulanate (BP/CL) was evaluated for &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;in vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; activity against &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; (&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mtb&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;) multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates, and the H37RV strain. BP/CL activity against the H37Rv strain was assessed in liquid cultures, in macrophages, and in mice.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; BP/CL exhibited activity against MDR and XDR &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mtb&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; isolates in liquid cultures. BP/CL treatment significantly reduced the number of colony forming units (CFU) of &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mtb&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; within macrophages compared with control untreated infected macrophages. Notably, BP/CL synergized in pairwise combinations with protionamide, aminosalicylate, and capreomycin to achieve a fractional inhibitory concentration for each pairing of 0.375 &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;in vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;. In a mouse tuberculosis infection model, the efficacy of a cocktail of levofloxacin + pyrazinamide + protionamide + aminosalicylate against &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Mtb&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; increased when the cocktail was combined with BP/CL, achieving efficacy similar to that of the positive control treatment (isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide) after 2 months of treatment.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; BP/CL may provide a new option to clinically treat MDR tuberculosis.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>235</startPage>
	      	<endPage>241</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Zhen Yong GUO, Wei Jie ZHAO, Mei Qin ZHENG, Shuo LIU, Chen Xia YAN, Peng LI, Shao Fa XU
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	       	<title>Estimated Average Glandular Dose for 1, 828 Mammography Procedures in China: A Multicenter Study</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/972ec196-f93c-44cf-ac39-d8d3249256a4</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; To understand the distribution of the average glandular dose (AGD) in mammography by investigating 1, 828 exposure parameters of 8 mammography machines in three cities, by using random sampling.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; A survey of 8 mammography machines in three different cities, sampled using stratified random sampling methods, was performed, and 1, 828 mammography exposure parameters were recorded. Incident air kerma (k) was measured by Quality-Assurance (QA) dosimeters, and AGD was calculated by series conversion coefficients based on a 3D detailed Monte Carlo breast model, published by Wang et al.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; The distribution of compressed breast thickness (CBT) fitted a normal distribution, while that of AGD fitted a skewed distribution. The mean value of CBT in a medio-lateral oblique (MLO) view was about 5.6% higher than that in the craniocaudal (CC) view, with significant statistical difference; mean value of AGD and CBT in the sample was 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. The AGD trended upward with increasing CBT, similar to the results of other researches.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; The mean AGD and CBT levels in our study for mammography practice in China were 1.3 mGy and 4.6 cm, respectively. AGD is influenced by manufacturer-specific variation as machine response to CBT changes and target/filter combination. The present study can provide evidence for establishing a diagnostic reference level in China.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>242</startPage>
	      	<endPage>249</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Xiang DU, Jin WANG, Bao Li ZHU
	      	</author>
	    </item>
    	    <item>
	       	<title>Prognostic Values of Serum Chloride and Sodium Levels in Patients with Three-vessel Disease</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/1fda2293-09a5-4dea-9d52-7913963f989e</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Identification of new risk factors is needed to improve prediction of adverse outcomes in patients with three-vessel disease (TVD). The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic values of serum chloride and sodium levels in patients with TVD.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; We used data from a prospective cohort of consecutive patients with angiographically confirmed TVD. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyze the relationship of serum chloride and sodium levels with long-term outcomes of TVD patients.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; A total of 8, 318 participants with available serum chloride and sodium data were included in this analysis. At baseline, patients in the low tertiles group of serum chloride level (≤ 102.0 mmol/L) or serum sodium level (≤ 139.0 mmol/L) had more severe disease conditions. During a median follow-up of 7.5-year, both low serum chloride level and low serum sodium level were found to be associated with an increased risk for mortality in univariate analysis. However, when both parameters were incorporated into a multivariate model, only low serum sodium level remained to be an independent predictor of all-cause death (hazard ratio:1.16, 95% confidence interval:1.01-1.34, &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;P&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;=0.041). Modest but significant improvement of discrimination was observed after incorporating serum sodium level into the Synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Serum sodium level is more strongly associated with long-term outcomes of TVD patients compared with serum chloride level. Low serum sodium level is an independent risk factor for mortality, but only provides modest prognostic information beyond an established risk model.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>250</startPage>
	      	<endPage>259</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Ce ZHANG, Dong WANG, Bing Jie HOU, Lin JIANG, Lian Jun XU, Jian TIAN, Yan Yan ZHAO, Xue Yan ZHAO, Xin Xing FENG, Yin ZHANG, Kai SUN, Bo XU, Wei ZHAO, Ru Tai HUI, Run Lin GAO, Hui Ling LOU, Jin Qing YUAN, Lei SONG
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	       	<title>Ideal Cardiovascular Health is Inversely Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Prospective Analysis</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/9d4cb24f-02be-477a-9eb2-091aa247e469</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) could predict a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the association between ideal CVH and subclinical atherosclerosis in a population cohort of Chinese adults aged ≥ 40 years.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; This study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 8, 395 participants who had complete data at baseline and a prospective analysis of 4, 879 participants who had complete data at 4.3 years of follow-up. Ideal CVH metrics were defined according to the American Heart Association. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by plaques in carotid arteries, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Both the prevalence and incidence of atherosclerosis measures were found to be decreased with increasing numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (all &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;P&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; values for trend &amp;lt; 0.01). The levels of CIMT and UACR at follow-up showed an inverse and significant association with the numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (both &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;P&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; values for trend &amp;lt; 0.05) but a borderline significant association with baPWV (&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;P&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; for trend=0.0505). Taking participants with 0-1 ideal metric as reference, we found that participants with 5-6 ideal metrics had significantly lower risks of developing carotid plaques (odds ratio, &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;OR&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;=0.46; 95% confidence interval, &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;CI&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; 0.27-0.79), increased CIMT (&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;OR&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;=0.60; 95% &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;CI&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; 0.42-0.84), and increased baPWV (&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;OR&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;=0.57; 95% &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;CI&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; 0.34-0.97) after full adjustments. A significant interactive effect of age and CVH was detected on CIMT and baPWV progression (both &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;P&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; values for interaction &amp;lt; 0.05).&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; The numbers of ideal CVH metrics showed a significant and inverse association with the risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults, whereas its dose-response effect was attenuated in individuals aged ≥ 60 years and partially weakened in male participants.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>260</startPage>
	      	<endPage>271</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Long WANG, Jing Ya NIU, Zhi Yun ZHAO, Mian LI, Min XU, Jie Li LU, Tian Ge WANG, Yu Hong CHEN, Shuang Yuan WANG, Meng DAI, Lin LI, Shan Shan LIU, Wei Qing WANG, Yu XU, Yu Fang BI
	      	</author>
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    	    <item>
	       	<title>NANOG Alleviates the Damage of Human Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells Caused by H&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt; through Activation of AKT Pathway</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/01dce183-1482-4da9-8a31-5c35ae005967</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; To explore the protective effect of NANOG against hydrogen peroxide (H&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;) -induced cell damage in the human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHF-MSCs).&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; NANOG was expressed from a lentiviral vector, pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen. NANOG hHF-MSCs and vector hHF-MSCs were treated with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide (H&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;) for 2 h, the cell survival rate, cell morphology, ROS production, apoptosis and expression of AKT, ERK, and p21 were determined and compared.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Our results showed that NANOG could activate AKT and upregulate the expression of p-AKT, but not p-ERK. When treated with 400 μmol/L H&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;, NANOG hHF-MSCs showed higher cell survival rate, lower ROS production and apoptosis, higher expression of p-AKT, higher ratio of p-AKT/AKT.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Our results suggest that NANOG could protect hHF-MSCs against cell damage caused by H&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;lt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;lt; through activating AKT signaling pathway.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>272</startPage>
	      	<endPage>280</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Jia Hong SHI, Kui Yang ZUO, Ying Yao ZHANG, Bo WANG, Xing HAN, Ao Bo LIAN, Jin Yu LIU
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	       	<title>2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;-dioxin Promotes Proliferation of Astrocyte Cells &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;via&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; the Akt/STAT3/Cyclin D1 Pathway</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/9789a1e0-73d7-4474-bd75-16bcdf84f76e</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; The compound 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;-dioxin (TCDD), a persistent organic pollutant, is harmful to the nervous system, but its effects on the brain are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TCDD on astrocytes proliferation and underlying molecular mechanism.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; The cell proliferation was measured by EdU-based proliferation assay and PI staining by flow cytometry. Protein expression levels were detected by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence, cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions separation were used to assess the distribution of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; C6 cells treated with 10 and 50 nmol/L TCDD for 24 h showed significant promotion of the proliferation of. The exposure to TCDD resulted in the upregulation in the expression levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated STAT3, and cyclin D1 in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The inhibition of Akt expression with LY294002 or STAT3 expression with AG490 abolished the TCDD-induced cyclin D1 upregulation and cell proliferation. Furthermore, LY294002 suppressed the activation of STAT3. Finally, TCDD promoted the translocation of STAT3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and LY294002 treatment blocked this effect.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; TCDD exposure promotes the proliferation of astrocyte cells &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;via&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; the Akt/STAT3/cyclin D1 pathway, leading to astrogliosis.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>281</startPage>
	      	<endPage>290</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Chang Yue WU, Kai Zhi YIN, Yan ZHANG, Man JIAO, Xin Yuan ZHAO, Qi Yun WU
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	       	<title>Effects of &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Carpobrotus edulis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; Extract on Oxidative Stress and 158N Oligodendrocyte Death</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/77e44da2-e041-4584-a32d-6e730d5d5380</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Objective&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and increase the levels of cholesterol auto-oxidation products such as 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC). Thus, it is imperative to identify agents that can prevent 7β-OHC-induced side-effects.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Methods&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; We evaluated the potential protective effects of &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Carpobrotus edulis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; ethanol-water extract (EWe) on murine oligodendrocytes (158N) cultured in the absence or presence of 7β-OHC (20 μg/mL, 24 h). The cells were incubated with EWe (20-200 μg/mL) 2 h before 7β-OHC treatment. Mitochondrial activity and cell growth were evaluated with the MTT assay. Photometric methods were used to analyze antioxidant enzyme[catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] activities and the generation of lipid and protein oxidation products[malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated diene (CD), and carbonylated proteins (CPs)].&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Results&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; Treatment with 7β-OHC induced cell death and oxidative stress (reflected by alteration in CAT and SOD activities). Overproduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA and CDs) and CPs was also reported. The cytotoxic effects associated with 7β-OHC were attenuated by 160 μg/mL of EWe of &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;C. edulis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;. Cell death induced by 7β-OHC treatment was ameliorated, GPx and CAT activities were restored to normal, and MDA, CD, and CP levels were reduced following &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;C. edulis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; extract treatment.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;&amp;lt;sec&amp;lt; &amp;lt;b&amp;lt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/b&amp;lt; These data demonstrate the protective activities of &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;C. edulis&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; EWe against 7β-OHC-induced disequilibrium in the redox status of 158N cells, indicative of the potential role of this plant extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.&amp;lt;/sec&amp;lt;]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>291</startPage>
	      	<endPage>299</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Zarrouk Amira, Ali Smach Mohammed, Hafsa Jawhar, Sghaier Randa, majdoub Hatem, Hammami Mohammed, Charfeddine Bassem
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	       	<title>&amp;lt;i&amp;lt;In vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt; Screening of Ginkgolic Acids for Antiparasitic Activity against &amp;lt;i&amp;lt;Cryptosporidium andersoni&amp;lt;/i&amp;lt;</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/b88f4a5e-0e11-4008-a49c-f3034e5088ad</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>300</startPage>
	      	<endPage>303</endPage>
	      	<author>
				E. UGWU Chidiebere, Yan Yan JIANG, Liang WU, Yu Xin XU, Jian Hai YIN, Li Ping DUAN, Sheng Xia CHEN, Hua LIU, Wei PAN, Hong QUAN, Yu Juan SHEN, Jian Ping CAO
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	       	<title>Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Metabolic Syndrome in Rural Areas of China</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/00176c0b-e5b4-4825-b155-eff771041c2d</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>304</startPage>
	      	<endPage>308</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Jun WANG, Yan WANG, Han HAN, Teng WANG, Fang SHEN, Wen Jie LI, Xing LI
	      	</author>
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	       	<title>Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatio-temporal Patterns of Foodborne Diseases in Jinan, Northern China</title>
	      	<link>//article/id/4c4a948e-7f1c-4822-92d0-6e6c41163d7e</link>
	     	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	      	<volume>32</volume>
	      	<issue>4</issue>
	      	<startPage>309</startPage>
	      	<endPage>313</endPage>
	      	<author>
				Li YANG, Yan Bin SUN, Qing ZHONG, De Shui DUAN, Shou Qin LIU, Ying ZHANG
	      	</author>
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